【Nginx】Nginx部署实战——静态文件+反向代理+均衡负载+https+websocket

Nginx是一款是由俄罗斯的程序设计师Igor Sysoev所开发高性能的 Web和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。前一段时间听说Igor Sysoev被俄罗斯警方带走了，不知道放出来了没有。言归正常，让我们来看一下nginx的相关配置如何满足我们的日常需求吧。

0.巧克力安装nginx

由于博主手上是windows，所以直接介绍windows下如何安装nginx，如果想知道linux下如何安装，请阅读另一篇文章【One by one系列】一步步部署.Net core应用-CentOs-nginx安装介绍

记得CentOs下是不是有yum软件包管理器，那windows下呢？有没有这么方便的东西？答案是肯定的

chocolatey

chocolatey安装

Get-ExecutionPolicy

#如果返回的是Restricted
#就运行如下命令
Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned

#或者
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process

#接着执行-Paste the follow text into your shell and press Enter
#Wait a few seconds for the command to complete
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))

#If you don't see any errors, you are ready to use Chocolatey

安装nginx

choco install nginx

这里有两点需要注意

通过choco安装nginx，会配套安装NSSM，这是个好东西，可以把nginx注册成windows服务,相当于linux下的Supervisor和PM2
通过choco安装nginx，在最后一次需要您同意选择y[Yes]之前，注意回写的内容是，他将会执行C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\nginx\tools\chocolateyInstall.ps1脚本

$toolsDir = Split-Path -parent $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Definition
. "$toolsDir\helpers.ps1"
   
$pp = Get-PackageParameters
   
$arguments = @{
   packageName = $env:chocolateyPackageName
   file        = "$toolsDir\nginx-1.17.8.zip"
   destination = if ($pp.installLocation) { $pp.installLocation } else { Get-ToolsLocation }
   port        = if ($pp.Port) { $pp.Port } else { 80 }
   serviceName = if ($pp.NoService) { $null } elseif ($pp.serviceName) { $pp.serviceName } else { 'nginx' }
}
   
if (-not (Assert-TcpPortIsOpen $arguments.port)) {
   throw 'Please specify a different port number...'
}
   
Install-Nginx $arguments

注意看port那行，没错，80端口，nginx默认，所以在继续之前，请检查下80端口是否被占用，被占用就会安装失败。怎么办？这是您只需要编辑如上脚本，把80修改为一个未被占用的端口。然后回到命令窗口继续执行,选择Y，就能成功。

比如我修改为

$toolsDir = Split-Path -parent $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Definition
. "$toolsDir\helpers.ps1"
   
$pp = Get-PackageParameters
   
$arguments = @{
   packageName = $env:chocolateyPackageName
   file        = "$toolsDir\nginx-1.17.8.zip"
   destination = if ($pp.installLocation) { $pp.installLocation } else { Get-ToolsLocation }
   port        = if ($pp.Port) { $pp.Port } else { 81 }
   serviceName = if ($pp.NoService) { $null } elseif ($pp.serviceName) { $pp.serviceName } else { 'nginx' }
}
   
if (-not (Assert-TcpPortIsOpen $arguments.port)) {
   throw 'Please specify a different port number...'
}
   
Install-Nginx $arguments

安装好的nginx在C:\tools下，配置文件也会默认如下一节的初始化配置

1.初始化配置

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       81;
    #    listen       81;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       81 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

2.部署静态文件

其实初始化就是一个静态文件部署

/ 请求到html文件夹下的 index.html文件

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

3.部署Vue构建的静态文件

引用Vue官方文档–”vue-router 默认 hash 模式 —— 使用 URL 的 hash 来模拟一个完整的 URL，于是当 URL 改变时，页面不会重新加载。但是这里url会有一个#,那就只能改为history 模式,不过这种模式要玩好，还需要后台配置支持。因为我们的应用是个单页客户端应用，如果后台没有正确的配置，当用户在浏览器直接访问就会返回 404，这就不好看了。就需要加上try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;"

try_files的含义是：首先会匹配$uri文件，如果没有去匹配$url/文件，如果再没有才会去找/index.html

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

4.反向代理

同域下部署前后端分离的前端与后端

后端这块可能部署在IIS，Node，Apache等等web服务器，但是我们又不想在前端api请求中硬编码后端url，且如果后端没有添加允许跨越的请求头，浏览器还会阻止。

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        location /api/ {
            proxy_pass http://ip:port/outside/api/; #反向代理
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

即当前端调用接口http://ip:81/api/的请求，都会被反向代理至http://ip:port/outside/api/,如果后台没有做允许跨域的配置，那么这种方式就是欺骗浏览器的解决方案。

5.均衡负载

前后端分离模式的流行，除了解决前后端开发的并行效率问题，解放生产力，解耦，快速定位问题等一系列的优点之外，还有一个就是横向扩展。大并发情况下，可以同时水平扩展前后端服务器，这个扩展就运用了均衡负载。

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    #api接口部署至3个不同的地方
    upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        location /api/ {
            proxy_pass http://centerapi/; #反向代理
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
            
            #暴露反向代理的地址
            #add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
            #add_header backendCode $upstream_status;      
        }
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

这里的请求api接口，nginx就会按照权重把请求分配下面3个url

 upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }

如果您想测试每次是不是不同的地址，可以让nginx把每次请求转发到的地址返回给浏览器就再加上如下配置

 #暴露反向代理的地址
 add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
 add_header backendCode $upstream_status;

6.子系统的融合部署

我司有一个ASP.NET MVC老项目与前后端分离的新项目的融合

老项目一个平台，包含几个中心，其中一个中心就是新项目

/—反向代理至IIS 上部署的ASP.NET MVC主站
^~/center1—前端构建的静态页面，已通过nginx发布
^~/center1/api/—前端使用的api接口，反向代理+均衡负载

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.110.10;

        #主站
        location / {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10/;#ASP.NET MVC主站 IIS已部署
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
                 
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        #新中心前端
        location ^~/center1 {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10:81/;#前端构建的静态页面 即下面的配置
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        #新中心api
        location ^~/center1/api/ {
            proxy_pass http://centerapi/;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
           
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        #location /api/ {
            #proxy_pass http://centerapi/; #反向代理
            #proxy_http_version 1.1;
            
            #proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            #proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            #proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            #proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            #proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
            
            #暴露反向代理的地址
            #add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
            #add_header backendCode $upstream_status;      
        #}
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

7.Https

领导说，以前iis就可以让网站通过https访问，新项目也需要，https需要ssl证书，都知道SSL证书只有大公司的证书，人家浏览器才会认，比如Symantec、Entrust、Geotrust，不然就会报不被信任的证书。但是为了迎合领导的需求，还是通过openssl 生成了相关的证书。

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.110.10;
        
        #ssl开启
        ssl	on;
        ssl_certificate ssl/server.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key ssl/server.key;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10/;#ASP.NET MVC主站
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
                 
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1 {
            proxy_pass http://centerapi/;#前端构建的静态页面 即下面的配置
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1/api/ {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10:81/;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
       
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        #location /api/ {
            #proxy_pass http://centerapi/; #反向代理
            #proxy_http_version 1.1;
            
            #proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            #proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            #proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            #proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            #proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
            
            #暴露反向代理的地址
            #add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
            #add_header backendCode $upstream_status;      
        #}
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

8.Websocket

系统突然增加了websocket的服务，直接访问ws://ip:port的前端硬编码应该杜绝，所以nginx再次发挥作用。

websocket协议不同于http协议，但是websocket握手是通过http，通过协议提升实现通信方式从http转向websocket。

8.1 ws

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }
    upstream websocket{
        server 192.168.110.10:1443 weight=1;
    }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.110.10;
        
        #ssl	on;
        #ssl_certificate ssl/server.crt;
        #ssl_certificate_key ssl/server.key;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10/;#ASP.NET MVC主站
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
                 
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1 {
            proxy_pass http://centerapi/;#前端构建的静态页面 即下面的配置
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1/api/ {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10:81/;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        #websocket
        location ^~/websocket/ {
            proxy_pass http://websocket;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection "Upgrade";
            proxy_connect_timeout 4s;
            proxy_read_timeout 600;
            proxy_send_timeout 12s;
        }
       
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        #location /api/ {
            #proxy_pass http://centerapi/; #反向代理
            #proxy_http_version 1.1;
            
            #proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            #proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            #proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            #proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            #proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
            
            #暴露反向代理的地址
            #add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
            #add_header backendCode $upstream_status;      
        #}
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

8.2 wss

正常的情况下（http访问网站，接口），上面就完成了配置，但是一旦ssl on，原有的ws，就会导致控制台输出

Mixed Content: The page at ‘https://{域名}.com/‘ was loaded over HTTPS, but attempted to connect to the insecure WebSocket endpoint ‘ws://{ip}:{port}/‘. This request has been blocked; this endpoint must be available over WSS.
Uncaught DOMException: Failed to construct 'WebSocket': An insecure WebSocket connection may not be initiated from a page loaded over HTTPS.

那么就需要如下配置

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    upstream centerapi{
        server 192.168.110.10:82 weight=5;
        server 192.168.110.11:82 weight=3;
        server 192.168.110.10:83 weight=2;
    }
    upstream websocket{
        server 192.168.110.10:1443 weight=1;
    }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.110.10;
        
        ssl	on;
        ssl_certificate ssl/server.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key ssl/server.key;
        ssl_session_timeout  5m;
    	ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
    	ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2  SSLv2 SSLv3;
     	ssl_ciphers  ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
     	ssl_prefer_server_ciphers   on;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10/;#ASP.NET MVC主站
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
                 
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1 {
            proxy_pass http://centerapi/;#前端构建的静态页面 即下面的配置
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/center1/api/ {
            proxy_pass http://192.168.110.10:81/;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
        }
        
        location ^~/websocket/ {
            proxy_pass http://websocket;#前端调用的接口
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_redirect off;
            
            proxy_set_header Host $host;         
            proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection "Upgrade";
            proxy_connect_timeout 4s;
            proxy_read_timeout 600;
            proxy_send_timeout 12s;
        }
       
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
            #proxy_redirect off;
        }
        
        #location /api/ {
            #proxy_pass http://centerapi/; #反向代理
            #proxy_http_version 1.1;
            
            #proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
            #proxy_cookie_path /api /;
            
            #proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
            #proxy_set_header Connection keep-alive;
            #proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
            
            #暴露反向代理的地址
            #add_header backendIP $upstream_addr;
            #add_header backendCode $upstream_status;      
        #}
        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

9.扩展

通过Nginx转发后, Header中access_token信息丢失，经查，发现Nginx在转发时，header中带下划线_的属性默认不转发，需要增加配置：

server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  127.0.0.1;
        
        #charset koi8-r;
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        underscores_in_headers on;
}

反向代理，操作超时

反向代理某接口，接口处理业务时间超过60秒，就会报time out的错误.

 proxy_read_timeout 600;

常见命令

nginx -s reload #修改配置后重新加载生效
nginx -s stop   #快速停止nginx
nginx -t -c 配置文件路径 #测试nginx配置文件是否正确
nginx -c 配置文件路径 #启动nginx

参考链接

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_29663071/article/details/80759098

https://www.nginx.com/blog/websocket-nginx/

https://blog.csdn.net/duyiwuerluozhixiang/article/details/100358930

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